When Fitness Went Global: The Rise of Physical Culture in the Nineteenth Century Paperback – November 13, 2025

Fitness, exercise and physical culture is a key part of our modern lives, but has this always been the case? In this book, Conor Heffernan shows how the 19th century was critical for the development of the modern fitness industry, and how the globalization of physical culture was entangled in, and spread by, concepts of nationalism, gender, race, empire and medicine.From yoga and gymnastics to Indian club swinging and Jiujitsu, When Fitness Went Global follows some of the most popular fitness practices from around the world as they were exported on a global scale during the long 19th century. Showing how this came about through imperial networks, military education, new print culture, faster trade networks and changing ideas about the body, it shows how beautiful bodies were linked to notions of national strength and imperial might. Exploring how both local and international understandings of exercise were negotiated, it asks why some practices became global while others did not, and shows how fitness was revolutionised during the 19th century. Read more